The Development Of Womens Football

The Development Of Womens Football England is known for the home of football, however, womens football still receives very little public recognition. Unlike countries such as Norway, Germany, and the USA, which are considered to be some of the leading womens football nations, Womens football in England receives much lower status, popularity and recognition. This essay will look into the history of womens football, how womens football is exposed to the media, the relationship between womens football, government and economics and finally the impact that womens football has on society today. The first English womens football team, The British Ladies, was founded in 1884. However, the real foundation stone for womens football was laid during World War 1. By the end of the 19th century, there was a multitude of new jobs for working class women who were called up to work in factories and who played in organised teams to raise money for the war effort. Dick Kerrs ladies went on to be one of the most successful ladies football teams in the 19th century. Pfister et al (1999) explained that The development of Dick Kerrs ladies exemplifies that the standard of womens football had risen considerably since its early years and players now trained regularly and systematically not only in order to improve their condition but also to refine their ball skills and practice tactical moves. In 1920, Dick Kerrs ladies were appointed to become Englands national football team, the popularity of womens football continuously progressed and by 1921 there were 150 womens football teams in England. As a result of the growing popularity of womens football, it was seen as a threat towards the domination of football by men. This led to FA campaigning against womens football. The FA lead false accusations towards the womens game, accusing them of misuse of charity money and poor financial management as well as having opinions on medical and moral factors that should prevent women from playing football. The following resolution was adopted; Complaints having been made as to Football being played by women, Council feel impelled to express their strong opinion that the game is quite unsuitable for females and should not be encouraged (Williamson, 1991). In December 1921 womens football in England was finally banned. They were banned from playing on FA league grounds and any officials, trainers and clubs were suspended for being involved in womens football. Between 1921 and 1972 the womens game was forced underground and the women continued to play without a league structure. As a result of the England mens team winning the world cup in 1966 the renaissance of womens football started to begin and on the 1st November 1969, the Womens Football Association of England was founded as the successor of the English Ladies football association. In 1985, the womens England team triumphed in the Italian Little World Cup and then won for a second time in 1988. However in 1991, due to the rapid growth of participation, the increased administrative requirements, and the strong tradition of volunteerism, the downfall of the WFA began. In November 1993, the FA merged the WFA. As a result womens football began to improve under the FA. For example, Umbro and Adidas began to supply womens teams with equipment, players started to receive a daily allowance of  £15, and the leagues became more structured. In 1993 when the FA took over there were approximately eleven thousand registered female footballers. Today, there are over 100,000 registered female footballers. Yet despite this rise, it still lags behind countries such as the United States where there are 7.8 million players. For a country which claims the beautiful game as its heritage, why is it that the US women are more revered to womens football than our own? (Dhaliwal, 2005) One of the main issues with womens football is the lack of media exposure. One of the most influential elements of the mass media is Television, however it has generally denied power to women through its exclusionary approach, in particular it has neglected women by its failure to televise womens team sports. In the womens football season 20011-2012, only 5 league games were shown on ESPN and the FA Cup final which was shown on Sky Sports. Controversially the FA cup final which took place on 26th May 2012 between Birmingham City Ladies and Chelsea ladies was cut short as Sky Sports chose to switch from live transmission of that match to the build-up for the League One play-off final. A scheduling blunder by Sky meant that when Birmingham City Ladies scored a late equaliser in extra time to take the match to penalties meant that it would clash with the build up to the Mens League one playoff final. The mens league one play off build up was deemed to be more important that the womens FA cup, which in mens football is one of the biggest competitions in English football. The Liverpool Ladies captain, Vicky Jones (2012) expressed her views questioning Would this have happened for the Mens FA Cup Final! Another issue with the media in womens football is the lack of female presenters. Woodhouse et al (2005) maintain that skys live coverage is too important to be given up to female presenters who may fracture the strongly masculinity and technocratic discourses set up by the ex-players and current stars who provide the background debates to live matches. Men here are simply assumed to be experts. It was only in 2007 where Jacqui Oatley became the first ever female commentator for the BBC. However, again there was controversy when Dave Basset (2007) a former footballer and manager declared i will be changing channels when Oakleys voice comes on air because in order to commentate you must have an understanding of the game and tactics, and in order to do that you need to have played the game. In 2011 a similar incident occurred when Richard Keys and Andy Gray had made sexist comments made about female referee Sian Massey. They had later been sacked from sky for these comments. Sexism has always played a huge part in football in England ,this is because football has always been seen to be a typical mans game. On the other hand in many other countries such as Italy, Sweden and the USA womens football is accepted and football is seen as a national sport that is not male dominated or controlled. Jackie Bass (2012) Regional Club Partnership Manager of football stated Sexism in football is like its the final discrimination act that not only exists but is deemed acceptable to exist. Newspapers- female journalists, how much is published? Currently, the womens football premier league main sponsorship is Tesco, and the main sponsorship for the FA Cup is Eon. The national team receives their funding from primary sponsors such as Umbro which is shared across the senior, under 18 and under 16 teams. As a result on the FA being responsible for the funding of all areas of English football, it is hard to find specific funding on womens football. However, head of the national game Kelly Simmons (2012) stated; FA spends approximately six million a year on England, FAWSL pyramid, FA Womens cup and talent development. Sport England receives the funding from the lottery good causes scheme. Approximately two million pounds a year is provided for the centres of excellence, however they have also invested 25 million over four years into grassroots which is for both boys and girls. The FA invests 50m a year into childrens and grassroots and its all boys and girls and therefore impossible to split out. The Government also gives Football Foundation 10m a year for grassroots facilities. Again this is very difficult to divide out as it mainly goes to big pitch sites and school sites where all men, women, boys and girls play. Although the English FAs financial support for the womens game has increased over the years (from 150,000 in 1993,  £310,000 in 1995,  £530,000 in 1997, and estimated up to a Million will be funded in 1999), this amount is still one hundred and thirty times less than the FA sends on mens football. (Lopez, 1996) Some womens football teams also receive great support from mens clubs financially, however some clubs are not as supportive offering little help other than with provision of team kit. One of the most supportive clubs is Arsenal FC, they not only provided great financial support but also enabled the womens team to have access to good facilities, the mens training grounds and occasional use of the Emirates stadium. Faye White (2006) recognised the financial commitment from the mens club as having been very good over the years and always improving, which had been a factor in the teams success. On the other hand there are a number of mens professional clubs such as Manchester United and Fulham FC, which have withdrawn funding from their respective womens teams. Minister of sport, Hugh Robertson (2006) believed clubs which were in a position to pay high wages and which benefited from substantial funding from sponsorship and broadcasting rights deals had a bit of social responsibility to share some of those proceeds with womens football clubs Government initiatives In October 2012 the FA launched a new initiative for the development of womens football called The Game Changer. This is due to the incredible year of womens football that has driven t a lot of interest into the sport. The GB Womens football team made their way to the quarter finals in the Olympics. in addition to this the England Womens team qualified unbeaten for the 2013 UEFA European Championship Finals in Sweden, with the final two home games broadcast live on terrestrial television. Finally, the second season of The FA WSL was completed. FA Chairman David Bernstein said; Womens football is the area with the most potential for growth in the nations favourite game. The FA will make these key commitments such as Creating an Elite Performance Unit (EPU) and appoint a Head of Elite Development, the EPU will develop the best young players via the talent development pathway of 31 Centres of Excellence, 29 player development centres and elite performance camps. The game changer will also Deliver a new commercial strategy for womens football For the first time in FA history there will be a distinct commercial programme for womens football to help the game have a clear identity and become financially more sustainable. The commercial rights for England Women, The FA Womens Cup and The FA WSL will be sold separately from rights for the mens game to establish a clear identity in a crowded sports marketplace. Finally, more broadcast coverage will be secured and strong commercial partnerships forged to elevate the profile of the womens game. Another of The game changers goals are to expand the FA WSL. To do this the FA will introduce an FA WSL2 in 2014 to enable promotion and relegation, expanding a competition format. Finally the game changer will aim to Grow Participation. FA Chairman David Bernstein (2012) expressed that he wanted womens football to become the second largest team sport (currently fourth behind mens football, cricket and rugby).after mens football by 2018 based on independent Sport England research, with 253,600 women playing football each month .

Discuss the Significance of Names in of Mice and Men Essay

As seen in the book Of Mice and Men, author John Steinbeck uses a range of different names for his character, but as it seems, it is not just a coincidence that they are named this way. Steinbeck uses these specific names to match personality of a character and to show the significance of these characters to the society. Many characters names begin with a C for example Candy, Crooks, Curley, to create a direct reference to ‘Cain’ a nomad from the bible; who was cursed by God that he would never be able to settle down because of his wrongdoings for power, this signifies that the characters and Cain have a similarity; they are not able to settle down but are forced to keep moving from one area to another. Curley’s Wife, is perhaps the most major female character that is essential to the story, but has no name in the book. The most obvious assumption as to why Steinbeck has decided to do this is because he is using a historical reference to the American community, where woman were considered to be a man’s possession. â€Å"When they had them previews I coulda went to them, an’ spoke in the radio, an’ it wouldn’ta cost me a cent because I was in the pitchers†. In the book, Curley’s Wife has a dream/desire to have her name known as an icon, however, the results were that she had married a ‘nobody’ which makes her an even smaller existence to the society and the world. We can come to a conclusion that Curley’s wife is unnamed because Steinbeck reflects her complete lack of individual identity. Lennie Small, one of the two most major and necessary characters in the storyline, has a very ironic name. ‘Lennie’ is short for ‘Leonard’ or abbreviated to ‘Leo’ has a definition of lion, has symbolizes courage, rulership and strength, which is a complete opposite of Lennie’s character. ‘Small’ is also an addition to the irony, where Steinbeck uses this to emphasize his huge physical appearances. â€Å"I don’t want no trouble, don’t let him sock me George†. As seen in the book, Lennie is a ‘coward’, as he has a huge body and strength, yet doesn’t know how to defend himself in certain situations and cannot stand-up for himself. Slim is perhaps the most unique characters throughout the whole book. The reason as to why Steinbeck has decided to name this character in this way is to reflect on the American society (similar to Curley’s wife’s reasoning) as to where people were depressing and rarely had a reason to laugh or be ‘positive’ meaning that his physical appearance as being a tall skinny man refers to this. Slim however, is often thought as a hero, and thinks deeply about his actions toward other people as seen in chapter 6 where Slim out of all men goes over to check on Curley’s Wife’s lifeless body. â€Å"Then Slim went quietly over to her, and he felt her wrist. One lean finger touched her check, and then his hand went under her slightly twisted neck and his fingers explored her neck.† In other words, Slim’s naming is decided on to reflect and perhaps to criticize the American society at the time. Carlson, is the complete opposite of Slim, with ‘Carl’ meaning ‘man’ or ‘manly’ and ‘son’ meaning son, creating a definition of man’s son. Carlson as seen in the earlier parts of the story is seen to show no respect or value to Candy’s dog because of its putrid odor, not considering that the pet could be Candy’s only companion, showing that his character is arrogant and selfish. Carlson’s name is also decided to reflect on the American society, where his physical appearance also represents the average man. â€Å"Carlson stepped back to let Slim precede him, and then the two of them went out the door†. Nonetheless, Carlson shows in chapter 2 that he pays respect to the more superior than him, in this case to Slim, as he precedes back to let Slim past by. In conclusion, the names of characters in ‘Of Mice and Men’ are not just coincidences. In fact, the names John Steinbeck have chosen a re to symbolize and signify certain images and personalities and sometimes to criticize the American society, therefore, names in ‘Of Mice and Men’ are also a great significance to the story.

Essay Changes in Early Modern Europe - 967 Words

Early modern Europe, specifically Spain and England, was going through major growing pains in the period before discovery and settlement of the New World. Recovery from the Black Plague, religious reformation, and newly formed nation-states were on the forefront of these changes. The political environment, economy, and religion were all intertwined during the upheaval of the Old World which proved to be a driving force in the search for and eventual settlement of new lands. The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation were major motivating factors in early modern Europe leading to exploration of new lands. This began with Martin Luther’s break from Catholic doctrine in 1519. By the time the Reformation came onto the European stage,†¦show more content†¦Because of all this religious change in England and other nations, they were slower to explore and colonize the New World. Economic changes occurred partly due to the newly formed nation-states of Spain, Portugal, Franc e, and England. Trade at that time was limited and expensive, so the Europeans began looking for new trade routes to Asia. What they found was an altogether new place that opened up many new opportunities for food sources, money, and slave labor. A motivator for exploration was â€Å"defined primarily in terms of silver and gold and secondarily in terms of raw materials.† Another factor to consider was the population explosion that came about after the Black Plague wiped out around 30 million Europeans producing â€Å"economic disruption.† Spain was seeking gold to finance further expeditions abroad and their own war with the Muslims on the home front. Britain was seeking new trade markets for their wool with the collapse of their wool market at home. Another mitigating economic factor was the rising prices created by the flood of American silver into the European market. 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Descartes s Fourth Meditation On Truth And Falsity

In Descartes’s fourth meditation, he specifically demonstrates the relationship between the intellect and will, and his understanding of truth and falsity. Also, according to the objection regarding the cause of error, we know that Descartes’s idea of the source of error and the scope of the intellect and will is challenged. Objectors have different thoughts on the source of errors and they believe the scope of the intellect even seems to be wider than that of will. In fact, I agree with Descartes that the intellect is limited but will is unlimited; more importantly, the cause of error is the misuse of freedom of the will and lack of knowledge. Through careful examination of his works, we may confirm the theory of the intellect and will of Descartes s Meditation, and then we shall begin to carefully review his Fourth Meditation on truth and falsity. At the beginning of his fourth Meditation, Descartes clearly illustrates the existence of God, the impossibility of God being a deceiver, and the responsibility that God has about all faculties he creates. Based on these three understandings, he makes a critical move which separates his mind away from the senses because the sense can sometimes be deceptive. He also recognizes that his mind is a thinking thing. As we discuss in class, Descartes calls everything into doubt and convinces himself nothing exists in the world in Meditation I, so it gives him the reason to be sceptical about his beliefs. And in Meditation II, he