The Flaws of Prison Labor Essay - 687 Words

The Flaws of Prison Labor The debate over prison labor has existed as long as the concept it’s self. Opponents claim that it exploits prisoners, takes away jobs from the general population, and puts people in danger by allowing convicts access to their personal information. While supporters of prison labor argue that it helps the economy as well as benefits prisoners. On this issue I stand on the side of the supporters. By having prisoners work we are accomplishing several beneficial things. First, work keeps them occupied and out of trouble, instead of getting into confrontations with other inmates, they are actually doing something productive. Second, by working they are alleviating some of the high costs of keeping them†¦show more content†¦It has been found that â€Å"when fully-trained†¦inmate workers leave prison, they carry with them credentials of achievement in job skills that meet requirements of today’s business.† In addition, the money that they earn carr ies several benefits; it can be used to buy daily amenities which will make their life in prison a little more pleasurable, they can also save money that will be extremely useful when they are released. Thus, not only are prisoners kept out of trouble by working, the money they earn benefits them in the present, as it will in the future and eases the burden on society that comes with housing prison inmates. The ideal purpose of incarceration is to have the guilty pay for their crimes and at the same time correct their criminal behavior. However the reality is very far from the ideal, inmates literally rot in jail until they are released just to return soon after and keep the never ending cycle going. So one useful way inmates can pay their debt to society is by prison labor. When inmates are working a percentage of their wages is withheld and that money goes to house inmates and run prisons, thus relieving the economic burden of the government and taxpayers. Since these people c ommitted the crimes, there is no reason why the entire society should support them. Having inmates contribute to the costs, especially when it benefits the prisoners as well is a great way to reduce spendingShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of The Prison System1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe prison system has seen huge changes from the American Colonel days to now. At first punishment was a way to inflict pain in suffering onto prisoners. By doing this it set an example to detour crime. Punishment throughout time has changed with the building of prison systems and labor being implemented. Today punishment is carried out much different than in the past. Punishment is way to keep order and discipline throughout society. Punishments focus more now on rehabilitation then it does toRead MoreHistory and Purposes of Prisons884 Words   |  4 Pageshad an impact on society for years, and will continue to do so well into the future. The presence of criminals and criminal acts proved that there was and all ways will be a need for penitentiaries. Correctional facilities no matter if they are prisons, jails, or penitentiaries are all part of the criminal justice system. Their overall goal and objective is to house offenders with the hope to rehabilitate them and reintegrate them into society to have a positive impact. Penitentiaries have a strongRead MoreThe American Population Is Overwhelmingly Uninformed About866 Words   |  4 Pagesinjustices suffered by the exorbitant prison population and the shortcomings of the justice system, I suspect a large portion of the population would support prison reform. Indeed, recently there has been major public discourse regarding the justice system. This discourse, among other reasons, made me personally invested in the flaws of the criminal justice system. I am aware of America’s mass incarceration, and that there are legitimate arguments to reduce the prison population. One of the most frequentlyRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Law1014 Words   |  5 Pagesrules that equates to the American criminal justice system. This series of principles of our legal system works as an entrance to a lifelong position of lower status, with no hope of advancement. Mass incarceration follows those who are released from prison through exclusion and legalized discrimination, hidden within America. The New Jim Crow is a modernized version of the original Jim Crow Laws. It is a modern racial caste system designed to keep American black men and minorities oppressed with lawsRead MoreEssay about The Role of the Individual in Candide1148 Words   |  5 Pagessociety in different ways. In both pieces of literature what is expected of the individuals and of society is very different from what is presently happening. The Communist Manifesto discusses human nature and social class while Voltaire discusses the flaws of society and the realities that not everything is for the best. In Communist Manifesto, the role of an individual is to be an equal and work towards the greater good of society and the role of society is to provide equality for all people. HoweverRead MoreMass Incarceration : A New Form Of Slavery Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagespresent of the total world population, The United States holds an astonishing 25 percent of the world’s prisoners. From 1980 to 2013, the number of people who are in United States prisons and jails has risen from a little over five hundred thousand to over two million people (Kilgore, 2015). The amount of people in prisons has risen more than 450% than what it was prior to the 1980s, despite the fact that crime in the United States has declined steeply since the 1990s. Why and how did this occur? WhatRead MoreLiterature Of Prison Literature1024 Words   |  5 PagesPrison literature, epitomized as a thriving literary genre, is identified as literature which is penned while the author is unwillingly kept in a location, such as a penitentiary, jail, detention center , correctional facility, house arrest or in solitary confinement. The literature produced by writers during or after their incarceration can be about prison as place of Romantic solitude and the prison as brutal, inhuman institution. This can be illustrated in a number of forms including epistle, autobiographyRead MoreMental Illness And Mental Health1284 Words   |  6 PagesMental Illness Mental illness has been the most overlooked issue in society today let alone within prisons. Researcher Lurigio (2001) explored studies from the 1970’s through to the 2000’s on the deinstitutionalization and restructuring of mental health laws that basically channeled the mentally ill into the corrections system. Often mentally ill offenders are released into community care. Lurigio emphasized that community based care â€Å"compartmentalizes† mentally ill offenders and creates limitationsRead MoreModern World s Highest Incarceration Rate1341 Words   |  6 Pagesrehabilitation and fair punishment, that is all distracted by the prison industrial complex, politics, and profits. This mass incarceration, and the â€Å"prison-industrial complex† causes the U.S. to seem unfair and harsh, and possibly motivated for the punishment of it’s people. Perhaps a huge proponent of mass incarceration is the prison industrial complex or PIC. This is a suggested group that is motivated by money and other benefits to keep prisons open, and to stock them with large amounts of inmates.Read MoreDo We Really Need Prisons1599 Words   |  7 PagesDO WE REALLY NEED PRISONS The simple meaning prison is a place for the confinement of persons in law detention, espicially people who are convicted of crimes according to The American Heritage of the English Language (2000). The history of prison almost as old as history itself. At first, prison were not used as a punishment but as a place where people who were sentenced to capital or corporal punishment were kept for a short period of time. But as the time passed, it turned into a legal punishment

Organic and Inorganic Food Free Essays

The Differences Between Organic and Unorganic Food As we know, food is the most important thing in our lives. We can not live without food, it sounds redundant but that is the reality. Imagine if we do not eat any food in a day, we will get very not powere because we do not get the strength that is contained in food. We will write a custom essay sample on Organic and Inorganic Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now We realized this important thing and now we have found that there are two types of food, organic and unorganic food. Many people still missunderstanding about the definition of organic and unorganic food. They tend to think that organic food is the healthiest food and unorganic food is a bad food.Actually, organic food is made in a way that complies with organic standards set by national governments and international organizations. Unorganic or non-organic food is which was produced without the use of hormones, antibiotics (for non-medicinal purposes), synthetic fertilizers or pesticides in accordance with the USDA National Organic Program (NOP). The use of the term is regulated by the NOP and only those products that meet the standards may use the term. Therefore all other products would be non-organic or unorganic.From the definition, we can see that organic and unorganic food are not the same. Organic food is healthier than unorganic food since it is pesticide-free, but it also has a worse appearance than organic food. First, organic food is healthier than unorganic food. Organic food is grown without toxic in soil that enriched by natural mineral fertilizers only. The farmer relies on the ‘friendly’ insects that eat harmful insects. The farmer does not use pesticide or other harmful chemicals at all. The effect is the food does not contain any dangerous chemicals that can harm our health.The unorganic food, on the other hand, contain many dangerous chemicals that can harm our health. The farmer use pesticide or other dangerous chemicals to make the food grow faster. The effects do not appear immediately, it appears when we eat too much unorganic food. It a sign that our body can not accept those dangerous chemicals anymore. It is a fact that organic food is healthier than unorganic food. Unorganic food has a better appearance than organic food. Unorganic food farmer uses chemicals to make the harmful insects get away from his plant.The farmer also uses chemicals to make his food shining, clean, and interesting so the consumers will prefer to buy his unorganic food than organic food. Organic food has a worse appearance than unorganic food, because the farmer do not use chemicals to make the food looks interesting at all. Although the organic food is less interesting than unorganic food, keep in your mind that bad appearance does not mean that the content also bad. Food is very important for our lives. We can not live without food. Now, we have found that there are two types of food, organic food and unorganic food.Organic food and unorganic food are not the same. Organic food is healthier than unorganic food. The farmer of organic food does not use dangerous chemical to take care of his food. He relies on the ‘friendly’ insects that eat the harmful insects. Unorganic food has a better appearance than organic food. The farmer uses chemicals to make the appearance of unorganic food more interesting, so that the consumers will prefer to buy unorganic food. Actually, it does not matter if we eat organic or unorganic food. The most important thing is we have to keep pay attention about the food nutrition from the food that we eat.Name: Amanda Restu A. Std. Number: 2009. 031. 004 OUTLINE Title: The Differences Between Organic and Unorganic Food. Thesis Statement: Organic food is healthier than unorganic food since it is pesticide-free, but it also has a worse appearance than organic food. I. Introduction. II. The Difference in Health side. III. The Difference in Appearance. IV. Conclusion : Actually, it does not matter if we eat organic or unorganic food. The most important thing is we have to keep pay attention about the food nutrition from the food that we eat. How to cite Organic and Inorganic Food, Papers

Ban Spam Essay Example For Students

Ban Spam Essay Ban SpamIt is a new day at the office, and workers are getting online to check their electronic mail, only to find that it has been over run by unsolicited junk mail. This mail, more commonly referred to as spam has been around since the beginning of the Internet, and according to a recent article, as the Internet has grown, so has spam (Spam Spam E.L.) A recent study by Star Internet, based on the typical number of staff spending ten minutes a day checking their mail, indicates that spam costs companies in the U.K. 472 dollars a year per worker, and on a national scale, spam costs U.K. firms 4.6 billion dollars a year (Gold F.A.). This is just one reason why bulk unsolicited (spam) e-mail is costly, time consuming, and should be banned. The term spam for unsolicited e-mail is believed to have originated from a Monty Python skit in which the dialogue was drowned out by shouting out the word spam(How to Avoid F.A.). This is much the way spam drowns out other messages in in-boxes. Although spam is a problem for businesses, it is certainly not limited to them. A large amount of spam mail is targeted at anyone who has an e-mail address, and many adults are therefore concerned at some of the content that is sometimes received with these inconvenient messages. Some spam messages may contain explicit content, such as subject headers that display sexually explicit words and phrases that may be unsuitable for children who have access to the Internet. Even though spam can contain some sexually explicit material, there are generally twelve spam scams that seem to be popular. According to one article, many spam messages may contain promises of business opportunities, making money scams, work-at-home schemes, health and diet scams, easy money, getting free merchandise, chain letters, getting free merchandise, investment opportunities, cable scrambler kits, guaranteed loans or credit with easy terms, credit repair, and vacation prize promotions (Gardner E.L.). These are t he most popular, but certainly not the only spam scams that are out there today. There are many ways to receive spam mail, or get on a spammers list. Many times, e-mail addresses that are given out while filling out forms over the Internet end up on a spammers list. According to one article, this is generally because spammers use special harvesting software for retrieving e-mail addresses, and many times there isnt a privacy policy that prevents companies from giving out e-mail addresses to other companies. Another popular way to end up on a spamming list is simply by subscribing to newsletters online (How to Avoid F.A.)Although spam is generally unwanted by the public, many companies like the idea of spam. According to Dana Gardner, One persons spam is anothers marketing triumph. Many companies see spam as a very easy and cheap way of advertising, and therefore would like to see it around in the future. Steve Whitney, a business development manger at PriceWaterHouseCoopers says, Sometimes there is stuff you want to hear about. Although he later goes on to say, I wish I could filter out the other stuff, but Id still prefer no spam to getting it at all (Spam Has Choicer E.L.). There may be those few who dont mind spam or even prefer it, but the majority of the public would still like to see it done away with. In a survey given by the IT Chiefs, 55% said ban spam, 42% said yes to keeping it around, and 3% didnt know (Adshead F.A.). As you can see from this survey, over half of the majority despises spam, and there are many good reasons why. .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd , .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd .postImageUrl , .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd , .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd:hover , .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd:visited , .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd:active { border:0!important; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd:active , .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5e49d330e219ab948f3b348f2a1476fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Let me put this heavy load down and take some of t EssayThe public, for a number of different reasons, despises spam. Jodie Bernstein, the bureau director at the FTCs Bureau of Consumer Protection in Washington says, Spam is a problem for practically everyone with a computer. Its annoying, it slows down the e-mail system and a lot of it is fraudulent (Gardner E.L.). According to one article, spam can distract people from genuine messages that may be important, it can increase peoples telephone bills by having to spend more time online sifting through unsolicited mail, and it can use up valuable storage space on computers. Some

Relevance and Significance of Communication Technology

The relevance and significance of communication technology in modern world is growing tremendously and its application in business is becoming more subtle to the users. In view of the tremendous advancements in communication technology, companies are bracing up to cope with the challenging demand that compels them to develop a dynamic staff who can keep abreast with versatility in communication technology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance and Significance of Communication Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the relevance and significance of communication technology depends on convenience and clarity of conveying a message, companies should adopt means of communication that suite their clients. The diversity in the means of communications provides a robust choice that companies need in order to communicate effectively at different levels with clients. For effective communications and lucrati ve business to occur, companies should critically match the means of communication with their clients lest they lose them. Companies are losing potential and prospecting clients because of failing to adapt their means of communication to diverse clients. In the view of the fact that there are diverse clients, companies should customize their means of communication to meet unique desires of their clients. This essay on Relevance and Significance of Communication Technology was written and submitted by user Edgar Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom A Mothers and Infants Center essay

buy custom A Mothers and Infants Center essay "Healthy and Happy Moms for Healthy and Happy Kids (HHM4HHK), will be the name of a community based mother and infant care centre in Nairobi City. The centre will be providing counseling, nutritional education, basic medical checkups, provision of food supplements, and infant rearing education to mothers, especially from the slums and suburbs in Nairobi city. It is anticipated that from the provision of the above services, mothers will be healthy and happy hence giving birth to healthy and jubilant infants. Parasitic diseases, malnutrition, infections and risk associated to giving birth like; low birth weight, inadequate mothers blood, and lack of knowledge, are the major factors threatening the child survival. This problem is abundant in developing countries like Kenya and worse among people living below the poverty line like the slam dwellers in Nairobi. A substantial amount of nutritious foods are commonly available in town which might be beneficial to pregnant mothers. Never the less, in the slums we have poor of the poorest who cannot afford basic nutrients required by pregnant women and even lack the basic knowledge on the same. There is an 87% chance of survival of children with mothers who understand the nutritive content and its importance during pregnancy and use the knowledge (Mora J. Nestel P, 2000). It is therefore necessary to provide necessary nutritive care to expectant mothers for realization of the Millennium Development Goal 4 of reducing child mortality rate especially in developing countries like Kenya. Goal 1; To reduce the level of malnutrition among expectant mothers and infants. Objective 1.1; To impart knowledge to mothers in Nairobi on health and nutrition. Objective 1.2; To help mothers in Nairobi in application of nutritional and health information gained Objective 1.3; To provide nutritional supplements to mothers in Nairobi Slums for them and their infants Objective 1.4; To impart knowledge to mothers on how to evaluate change in the health of their children and take necessary actions. Objective 1.5; To conduct basic medical checkup tests for expectant mothers Goal 2; To effectively use volunteers in helping the community to learn. Objective 2.1; To recruit undergraduate students (20) from Universities in Nairobi City as volunteers of HHM4HHK project. Objective 2.2; To offer training to the volunteers on health and nutritional nformation for mothers and young children as well as adult education teaching methods. Objective 2.3; To sent the volunteers in the community to educate local mothers There will be two groups of clientele in the implementation of this project. The primary clientele are the expectant mothers and mothers with young children living in Nairobi city especially in the slums. This clientele group will enable realization of Goal 1. The second clientele group will facilitate realization of Goal 2 which are the university students acting as volunteers for the project. To achieve the set goals and objectives, a Centre within the city will be established from where information on health and nutritional value for expectant mothers and young children will be provided, Training of volunteers will take place, provision of food supplements to expectant mothers and to mothers for their infants will be done and basic health checkups for expectant mothers will be done. The volunteers will undergo four week training before being sent to the field. This training will impart them with knowledge in health and nutritional information on expectant mothers and of young children as well as adult education teaching skills. Five best trainees will undergo an advanced training in nutritional counseling techniques. These five will be placed in the HHM4HHK Centre to extent their skills to needy mothers. The other volunteers will be sent in Nairobi slums to conduct civic education on subject areas they would have learned. Each field volunteer will be expected to meet at least 4 community groups, especially women, per month for 6 months. They will be mandated to provide monthly reports on topics covered and issues arising from their project activities. On the other hand, the volunteers in the Centre will keep records on the clients they would have seen and counseled and follow up with the clients to ensure adherence to the recommendations made from the counseling sessions. In addition, a Dissemination Plan and a Documentation plan will be developed to ensure systematic collection, analysis, storage and reporting of information on the implementation of the project. It is imperative to note that the project will have full time management staff in order to achieve the set goals and objectives. These include; Project Director; Responsible for overseeing the project implementation and development. Centre Coordinator; Responsible for running the Centre and developing links with other partners as well as supervising the other employees. Volunteer Coordinator; Responsible for recruiting the volunteers and supervising their work. Medical Nurse; Carrying out the relevant medical checkups in pregnant women. Available Resources A building provided by the community 4 computers 1 Photocopier 2 Printers 4 office desks with chairs Needed resources with their cost and justifications Personnel; This project will require the 4 mentioned fulltime staff, 20 volunteers and 5 part time employees. They will be responsible in ensuring effective implementation of the project. The estimated cost for their remuneration/allowance is $ 50,000.00 per annum. Food supplements; They will be given to needy mothers within the target area thus providing the needed nutrients for expectant mothers and young children. The cost of these supplements is $ 15,000 per annum. Office equipments; More office equipments will be needed to be used by the volunteers who will be counseling mothers. They will cost about $ 10,000. Medical testing kits for pregnant women; This will be used by the nurse in checkup of expectant mothers. They will cost $ 12,000 per annum. Training materials; The volunteers will use flip charts, brochures, fliers, banners and resource books among others in their community outreach training activities. They will cost about $ 5,000. The total budget cost of this project will be $ 100,000.00 per annum. Evaluation plan Two evaluation strategies have been designed for use in this project i.e. formative and summative. Formative Evaluation will be done through open-ended questionnaires and interviews. Students and mothers will be asked question regarding to the project which will include; topics covered during training and counseling, feedback on the topics, recommendations and attractiveness of the project. A project evaluator will be contracted and will meet regularly with all stakeholders. Quarterly reports will be made from the process. Summative Evaluation will initiate the project by collection of the baseline data on assess of nutrition knowledge and food by expectant mothers and infants. Same analysis will be done after every 6 months. In addition details and the number of mothers checked in the Centre will be kept and analyzed quarterly. An annual report will be provided with both formative and summative findings. Buy custom A Mothers and Infants Center essay

Amygdalas Location and Function

Amygdala's Location and Function The amygdala is an almond-shaped mass of nuclei (mass of cells) located deep within the temporal lobes of the brain. There are two amygdalae, one situated in each brain hemisphere. The amygdala is a limbic system structure that is involved in many of our emotions and motivations, particularly those that are related to survival. It is involved in the processing of emotions such as fear, anger, and pleasure. The amygdala is also responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain. It is thought that this determination is based on how huge an emotional response an event evokes. Amygdala and Fear The amygdala is involved in autonomic responses associated with fear and hormonal secretions. Scientific studies of the amygdala have led to the discovery of the location of neurons in the amygdala that are responsible for fear conditioning. Fear conditioning is an associative learning process by which we learn through repeated experiences to fear something. Our experiences can cause brain circuits to change and form new memories. For example, when we hear an unpleasant sound, the amygdala heightens our perception of the sound. This heightened perception is deemed distressing and memories are formed associating the sound with unpleasantness. If the noise startles us, we have an automatic flight or fight response. This response involves the activation of the sympathetic division of the peripheral nervous system. Activation of the nerves of the sympathetic division results in accelerated heart rate, dilated pupils, increase in metabolic rate, and increase in blood flow to the muscles. This activity is coordinated by the amygdala and allows us to respond appropriately to danger. Anatomy The amygdala is composed of a large cluster of around 13 nuclei. These nuclei are subdivided into smaller complexes. The basolateral complex is the largest of these subdivisions and is composed of the lateral nucleus, basolateral nucleus, and accessory basal nucleus. This nuclei complex has connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus. Information from the olfactory system is received by two separate groups of amygdaloid nuclei, the cortical nuclei, and medial nucleus. Nuclei of the amygdala also make connections with the  hypothalamus and brainstem. The hypothalamus is involved in emotional responses and helps to regulate the endocrine system. The brainstem relays information between the cerebrum and spinal cord. Connections to these areas of the brain allow amygdaloid nuclei to process information from sensory areas (cortex and thalamus) and areas associated with behavior and autonomic function (hypothalamus and brainstem). Function The amygdala is involved in several functions of the body including: ArousalAutonomic responses associated with fearEmotional responsesHormonal secretionsMemory Sensory Information The amygdala receives sensory information from the thalamus and from the cerebral cortex. The thalamus is also a limbic system structure and it connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement. The cerebral cortex processes sensory information obtained from vision, hearing, and other senses and is involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and planning. Location Directionally, the amygdala is located deep within the temporal lobes, medial to the hypothalamus and adjacent to the hippocampus. Amygdala Disorders Hyperactivity of the amygdala or having one amygdala that is smaller than the other has been associated with fear and anxiety disorders. Fear is an emotional and physical response to danger. Anxiety is a psychological response to something that is perceived as dangerous. Anxiety can lead to panic attacks that occur when the amygdala sends signals that a person is in danger, even when there is no real threat. Anxiety disorders that are associated with the amygdala include Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), and social anxiety disorder. Sources Sah, P., Faber, E., Lopez De Armentia, L., Power, J. (2003). The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology. Physiological Reviews, 83(3), 803-834. doi:10.1152/physrev.00002.2003

Best Practices in Teaching Comprehension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Best Practices in Teaching Comprehension - Essay Example The underlying mechanisms by which comprehension and knowledge acquisition occur are 'top-bottom' and 'bottom-up' technologies. Bottom-up or data driven activation of schema occurs when information on the page activates a certain low level schemata or feature detectors which in turn activate or instantiate a higher up sub schema or other higher up structure. In that processing manner,information enters into the perceptual system from the most specific feature at the bottom and travels upward to the most general structure in the system. On the other hand,conceptual driven activation occurs when the highest and most abstract structure at the top of the system sends down information through the hierarchy of structures till it reaches the lowest structure or the feature detector. This processing flow of information in a top-down manner is brought to account for incoming data and to comprehend it as a correct interpretation of the input. Both types of mechanisms work in both directions. The process of understanding discourse is the process of finding a configuration that offers an adequate account of the passage in question. Clues from the passage suggest possible interpretations (instantiation of schemata) that are then evaluated against the successive sentences of the passage until finally a consistent interpretation is discovered. The scenario of the passage is an information network called from the long-term memory by a particular linguistic input which is a basic principle of enabling the knowledge of the reader to be used in such a way as to allow for direct interpretation of entities or events predicted by his knowledge. To the extent that any text conforms to the predictions it is readily interpreted,if not,it will be more difficult to understand. Reading is a far more creative activity than most think with information in the text better regarded as evidence or even building blocks from which readers construct their own meanings and often their entire experiences. There are four theories for the failure of a reader to understand correctly a written passage: 1-The reader may not have the appropriate schemata,i.e,cannot understand the concept being communicated. 2-The reader may have the appropriate schemata but the clues provided by the author may be insufficient to suggest them. 3-The reader may find a consistent interpretation of the text but may not find the one intended by the author. In such case,the reader will 'understand' the text but will misunderstand the author. 4-The reader may have the appropriate schemata and that the writer may have provided sufficient clues in the text but the reader has not learned how to decode clues in a text. The ways to decode such difficulties is by understanding the following: a-Rationale of the mode: In seeking to study the role of background knowledge or schema, Carrel and Eisterhold draw the useful distinction between two types of schemata:content schemata represent background knowledge about the content area or the topic of a text whereas formal schemata represent background expectations about the rhetorical structure of a text. Carrell(1983) found out that the role of either content or formal schemata or